Answer
A: Discontinue clopidogrel
Educational Objective
Manage gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient taking dual antiplatelet agents.
Critique
In consultation with cardiology, clopidogrel should be discontinued at this time (Option A). Aspirin and clopidogrel, a P2Y12 receptor antagonist, irreversibly inhibit different steps in platelet activation and reduce coronary artery stent thrombosis risk; however, they also increase the bleeding risk. Guidelines recommend treating patients with stable angina with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for at least 6 months after drug-eluting stent placement, with the option to continue therapy for a longer duration in those with a high risk for thrombosis-related complications and a favorable bleeding profile. In patients with significant hemorrhage in whom DAPT must be discontinued, the P2Y12 receptor antagonist should be discontinued and aspirin continued. This strategy is informed by the results of a systematic review of late stent thrombosis (>30 days but <1 year after stent placement) and very late stent thrombosis (>1 year after stent placement). Patients who discontinued both aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor antagonist had a median time to stent thrombosis of 7 days. Patients who discontinued a P2Y12 receptor antagonist but continued aspirin therapy had a median time to thrombotic event of 122 days. Six percent of stent thrombosis occurred within 10 days of P2Y12 receptor antagonist cessation, suggesting short-term discontinuation between 30 days and 1 year from drug-eluting coronary stent placement (late stent thrombosis) might be relatively safe but still carries some risk.
Discontinuing both aspirin and clopidogrel cannot be recommended because of the high risk of stent thrombosis (Option B). When modifying DAPT, aspirin should be continued to reduce the risk of stent thrombosis.
Acute bleeding can be managed with platelet transfusions, but this will result in complete reversal of antiplatelet agent effects, which increases the risk for thrombosis similarly to discontinuing all DAPT (Option C).
Continuing both aspirin and clopidogrel increases the risk of continued gastrointestinal bleeding (Option D). The risk of stopping clopidogrel is reasonable based on the available data and, in consultation with cardiology, is likely the best course of action.
Key Point
In patients taking dual antiplatelet therapy following coronary revascularization with significant hemorrhage, the best strategy is to discontinue the P2Y12 receptor antagonist and continue aspirin.
Bibliogrpahy
Acosta RD, Abraham NS, Chandrasekhara V, et al.; ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. The management of antithrombotic agents for patients undergoing GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83:3-16. PMID: 26621548 doi:10.1016/j.gie.2015.09.035